Insights & Perspectives

For years, climate risk has been framed as a data challenge. Financial institutions have struggled to gather, standardise and interpret the vast amount of environmental and economic information required to assess its impact. But that framing is increasingly outdated. Today, climate risk is evolving into something far more complex: an intelligence challenge. Central banks are at the forefront of this shift. As the guardians of financial stability, they are no longer treating c

Sustainable bond markets have expanded rapidly over the past decade, becoming one of the most effective channels for directing capital toward climate and broader sustainability objectives. However, as the market matures, the narrative is shifting. Growth alone is no longer the defining metric. The next phase will be shaped by credibility, consistency, and the ability to demonstrate financial relevance. Recent reflections from the OECD point to a clear inflection point. Sustai

Understanding the Green Asset Ratio The Green Asset Ratio, or GAR, is often introduced as a disclosure metric. While this description is technically correct, it is strategically incomplete. In practice, GAR is evolving into something much more significant. It serves as a visible indicator of how successfully a bank translates sustainability ambition into balance-sheet reality. It signals whether green finance remains primarily a product narrative or if it is beginning to resh